However, in order to prove the effectiveness of the vaccine in terms of safety and side effects, the implementation of phase 4 of clinical studies is necessary. As of November 2021, 11 candidate vaccines for COVID-19 have been approved by the World Health Organization for mass vaccination after leaving phase 3 of clinical studies. In vaccines containing inactive or protein viruses, virus particles and proteins, as antigens, trigger the immune system. These viral proteins are eventually identified as antigens and stimulate antibody production. In nucleic acid and adenovirus-based vaccines, fragments of the virus mRNA or genome enter human cells and induce the production of viral proteins. There are four major strategies for producing COVID-19 vaccines, including nucleic acid-based vaccine (DNA–mRNA), viral vector (replication–non-replication), live inactivated (or attenuated) virus, and protein (spike protein or its subunits). Also, approximately 68.2% of the world's population has been fully vaccinated against this disease. In early 2021, the first vaccines were introduced to stop the pandemic. As of November 2022, 630.3 million people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and 6.58 million deaths worldwide, according to WHO figures. This virus is known to cause widespread lung infection and hypoxia. Following that situation in 2020, the World Health Organization had to declare a global health emergency. A virus that was much more contagious than SARS Covid-1 and spread to different parts of the world in a short time. In December 2019, the SARS Covid-2 virus was introduced to the world. Herein, we have provided a comprehensive review of documents reporting neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccines in international databases from 2020 to 2022 and discussed neurological disorders possibly caused by vaccination. These effects are often acute and transient, but they can be severe and even fatal in a few cases. The most important and common complications are cerebrovascular disorders including cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and demyelinating disorders including transverse myelitis, first manifestation of MS, and neuromyelitis optica. According to these reports, vaccination can have an adverse event, especially on nervous system. At the same time, there are many reports of side effects after getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Vasa 51, 62–70 10.Following the COVID-19 virus epidemic, extensive, coordinated international research has led to the rapid development of effective vaccines. Although vaccines are now considered the best way to achieve collective safety and control mortality, due to the critical situation, these vaccines have been issued the emergency use licenses and some of their potential subsequence side effects have been overlooked. (2022) Endothelial inflammation and dysfunction in COVID-19. Sbirkov Y., Dzharov V., Todorova K., Hayrabedyan S. (2015) Human myocardial pericytes: multipotent mesodermal precursors exhibiting cardiac specificity. (2021) The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein disrupts human cardiac pericytes function through CD147 receptor-mediated signalling: a potential non-infective mechanism of COVID-19 microvascular disease. Circulation 141, 1648–1655 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941Īvolio E., Carrabba M., Milligan R., Kavanagh Williamson M., Beltrami A.P., Gupta K.et al. (2020) COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. (2020) COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nishiga M., Wang D.W., Han Y., Lewis D.B. Future studies are needed to determine the effect of the S protein on pericytes in other organs and evaluate the effectiveness of CD147 receptor-blocking therapies to decrease organ damage caused by the S protein.ĬD147 Receptor COVID-19 Pericytes cardiovascular disease virus spike protein. These findings support the notion that circulating SARS-CoV-2 S protein could contribute to cardiovascular disease independent of viral infection. previously determined that the S protein acting through the cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) receptor, and another unknown mechanism had detrimental effects on human cardiac pericytes (Clin Sci (Lond) (2021) 135 (24): 2667-2689. Experimental findings are demonstrating that the circulating S protein can bind to receptors resulting in inflammation and cell, tissue, and organ damage. Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein can be found circulating in the blood of COVID-19 patients. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that results in COVID-19 has been found to damage multiple organs beyond the lung.
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